How to properly boil chicken. How to cook chicken to get a rich broth? Chicken appetizer

Today, poultry meat is available to almost all segments of the population. What could be easier than boiling chicken? But, unfortunately, not every housewife succeeds in this.

In this article, we’ll look at how to cook chicken, how long it takes, and find out possible cooking methods to make the dish not only tasty, but also healthy.

Product preparation

Chickens are delivered chilled to store shelves or markets. As a rule, unpacked carcasses are placed in boxes, which are placed in warehouses.

Therefore, before cooking chicken, it must be pre-processed. Below is an example algorithm.

At the first stage, the bird is defrosted. This is best done in the refrigerator at a temperature no higher than 6 degrees. If the carcass is poorly cleared of feathers, you can use tweezers or simply scorch the surface.

1. In the latter case, the carcass must be wiped dry with a paper towel. Then stretch it over the gas burner, holding it by the legs on one side and by the head or neck on the other. You need to singe it very quickly so that the subcutaneous fat does not begin to melt.
2. At the next stage, the carcass is gutted. To do this, take out the heart, lungs and other offal, which will be useful in further preparation. Pull the goiter through the hole in the neck area. The intestines and crop are thrown away. The gallbladder, which is located near the liver, must be removed very carefully. If it bursts, the taste of the meat will be hopelessly ruined. The heart must be carefully freed from blood clots. To do this, rinse it under running water. Cut the stomach into halves and turn it inside out to remove as much food debris as possible. Wash and remove the thick inner shell, which remains very tough even after processing.
3. Next, we cut off the lower parts of the legs and shorten the wings to the first joint. Then the carcass is washed well under running water, especially from the inside. To dry it, you need to briefly put it in the oven.
4. If the whole carcass is cooked, it must be folded compactly. To do this, we tuck the legs into a “pocket” made on the abdomen using a knife.

If you don’t need a whole chicken to make soup, it’s better to cut it up and put some in the freezer.

Mistakes that housewives make when preparing poultry

Before you cook chicken, it must be properly prepared, otherwise it will turn out to be a tasteless dish. Let's figure out why.

Many women, in order not to wait for the carcass to defrost in the refrigerator, try to speed up this process with water or a microwave oven. Neither one nor the other method can be called suitable.

• In the case of water, the meat will be saturated with liquid and lose its inherent flavor.
• If you defrost chicken in the microwave, the protein may curdle. This will cause the chicken meat to remain tough even after prolonged cooking.

The second mistake many make during gutting is by carelessly removing the liver. Thus, the gall bladder can burst right in the carcass, causing the meat to be very bitter.

When using old poultry, do not cook it whole. This will take a lot of time, and besides, it is not always possible to get rid of its inherent rigidity. It is better to cut the carcass of an old bird into pieces.

Cutting methods

In order to boil the chicken until cooked, especially if we are talking about an old carcass, it is more advisable to properly cut it.

We’ll look at how to do this most quickly below.

• First you need to separate the legs. Turn the prepared carcass onto its back and stretch its legs in different directions. Carefully score the skin, continuing to cut until the knife touches the bone. Set it aside and use your hands to turn the paw in the other direction. Scroll until the limb is disconnected from the body.

• Next, use a knife to separate the thigh from the drumstick.
• In the same way, separate the wings at the shoulder joint.
• Now you need to disconnect the back from the chest. This can be done using an ordinary knife or culinary scissors. In the second case, the manipulation will be especially successful.
• Along the ridge, cut the carcass into four parts, rinse each of them under running water.
• Immediately wrap any pieces of poultry that are not used in cooking paper and place them in the freezer.

How to cook chicken correctly

Housewives often argue about what kind of water the chicken should be immersed in during the cooking process. Some say it's cold, others prefer boiling water. Oddly enough, both sides are right.

The fact is that you can cook in two of the listed ways, the main thing is to understand for what purpose this is done.

1. If you decide to prepare a rich, aromatic chicken broth, then, of course, it is better to immerse the meat in cold water.
2. When preparing a salad with boiled chicken or a savory appetizer with poultry, the meat is immersed in hot water. In this case, it will retain the maximum amount of nutrients.

Cook the whole bird

To boil a delicious whole chicken, tuck the legs into the “pocket” and fill the bird with cold water.

Bring to a boil and reduce heat. You don't want the water to boil, otherwise all the dirt will fall down. Remove the foam with a slotted spoon until the water is completely clear.

Peel the carrots and onions. Cut in half and place in a saucepan. Season with salt and pepper. For flavor, add a few dried bay leaves and 5 black peppercorns.

How long to cook the chicken depends on what kind of carcass you use.

If it's chicken, 20 minutes is enough. The carcass of a young bird requires 60 minutes of cooking, and in the case of an old chicken it will take at least 3 hours.

To check if the meat is cooked, pierce the thick part of the skin with a fork.

Chicken “Uzbek style”

To do this, use chopped chicken. The algorithm is as follows:

• Salt and pepper the meat.
• Peel the onion, finely chop and place on the bottom of the container. Follow with black peppercorns.
• Pour in 3 liters of water and bring to a boil.
• When the water boils, add the chicken pieces. Bring to a boil again, skim off the foam and reduce the heat.
• At the end of cooking, add finely chopped fresh herbs and bay leaf.

How long to cook the chicken depends on the size of the pieces you use. For a chicken, half an hour is enough, for an adult chicken - about one and a half.

Check the readiness of the product using a fork. Then you can take it out and serve it to the table.

How to cook chicken for broth

We cut the prepared carcass into pieces and place it in a saucepan. It is necessary to fill the bird with cold water.

Important! The pan should not be put on the fire immediately - it is better to send it to a cool place for at least half an hour. This is necessary so that the meat releases juice.

• Then put it on the fire and bring to a boil. There is no need to close the lid.
• When the water boils, skim off the foam, reduce the heat, cover the pan with a lid and cook the meat for an hour to two.
• In this case, the answer to the question of how long to cook the chicken until done depends on the age of the bird. Therefore, you should check this point during the cooking process.
• Peel the onion, carrots and parsley root, cut into several pieces and add to the pan after half an hour.
• Salt and ground black pepper are added at the end.
• When the broth is ready, strain it through cheesecloth.
• Before serving, sprinkle with fresh finely chopped herbs.

Poultry cooking time

Still, how long does it take to cook chicken? This depends not only on the age of the carcass, but also on the purpose of cooking.

An hour and a half is enough to cook chicken soup. A whole carcass can be boiled in a slow cooker using the “Stew” mode in one hour. Cut into pieces, it will be ready in half an hour.

If you are cooking chicken meat for jellied meat, the minimum cooking time is 4 hours.

As mentioned above, this will take the same amount of time as it takes to prepare poultry broth.

1. If you don't know how to tell the age of a bird, look at the breast. In an old individual it will be hard, in a young one it will look like cartilage.
2. It will not be difficult to distinguish a rooster from a chicken. The male individual has a thin, bluish skin. Chicken skin is light and much thicker.
3. When preparing a well-fed carcass, it should never be washed, as water will significantly worsen the taste of the bird. Use a paper towel to clean the surface, but it's best to preheat the oven and let the carcass sit for a few minutes.
4. To make the chicken as tasty as possible, during cooking it is removed from the broth, salted and returned back to the pan.
5. To prepare the broth, water must initially be poured in the required volume. You cannot add water during the process - this will spoil the taste of the broth. It is also not recommended to salt the broth in several stages.
6. Experts advise adding all spices at the end of cooking.
7. To keep the broth light, cook it over low heat, periodically skimming off the foam. If this is not done, the liquid will turn out cloudy.

There are many ways to prepare poultry. But not everyone knows how to cook delicious chicken so that it is juicy and aromatic. In this article you will learn how to boil poultry in a saucepan or slow cooker, as well as an express cooking method.

Chicken loses any taste when cooked, so the cook can give it the taste he wants. With the correct cooking method, the meat comes out soft, which is suitable for many dishes, while the chicken itself can be cooked in parts or whole.

1. First, we defrost our product, if required.
2. Fill a large saucepan two-thirds full with water and bring to a boil.
3. Place the chicken in the water and cook over high heat.
4. After fifteen minutes, salt and add whole vegetables (carrots, onions), as well as spices (a couple of bay leaves, 4-5 peas of black allspice).
5. After boiling, set the heat to low and cook until tender, removing any accumulated foam from time to time.
6. You can find out if your dish is ready using a fork (pierce it deeper; if the chicken is cooked, a clear liquid will come out). But approximately, the chicken is cooked for about an hour.

How to boil an old chicken

The old product is distinguished by rough skin, a peculiar tint and yellowish fat. How to cook:

1. Place our chicken in boiling water.
2. Bring to a boil, remembering to skim off the foam.
3. Cook for about forty minutes, add spices or vegetables and wait another hour, two if necessary.

Quick cooking option

1. Cut the chicken into pieces, the more the better.
2. Cook according to the above scheme, checking with a fork for readiness.

How to cook homemade chicken

1. First, we get rid of the feathers, rinse thoroughly and wipe with a paper towel.
2. Pour cold water into the pan so that the chicken is three to four centimeters below the water level.
3. Place on low heat. (Add the onion immediately if desired).
4. When boiling, salt the water.
5. After an hour, check the readiness with a fork; if the chicken does not have a uniform white color, it means it is not ready yet.

Cook in a slow cooker

We will need:

• chicken (1 piece);
• about two liters of water;
• salt;
• vegetables/spices.

Recipe:

1. Select the “Extinguishing” mode. We cut our chicken into the pieces you need or separate only one breast (with the second option, you need a little less water).
2. We put it all in a slow cooker, fill it with liquid and sprinkle with salt.
3. Close the lid until it clicks. Set the time to one and a half to two hours and press the “Start” button.

At the end you will get a delicious dish, no different from what was cooked in a pan.

Many recipes begin with the words: “Cut the boiled chicken into a salad into oblong pieces...”. Or even like this: “Fry the blanched chicken...”. Perhaps culinary experts from God believe that an ordinary person is already born with the knowledge of how and how much to cook a whole chicken. But that's not true. Moreover, there are many ways to boil chicken. This can be done in a regular saucepan or you can connect modern kitchen appliances to the task. A double boiler, for example, is convenient because during cooking, beneficial substances do not pass from the meat into the water. And here we need to take into account what kind of chicken dish we plan to make. Bouillon? Then both the cooking method and the time spent on the process will be different. If in the future we bake or fry the chicken, then it will be blanched or poached beforehand. This takes very little time. In a word, in this article we will pay attention to methods of cooking chicken, and especially the whole carcass.

Broiler chickens and poultry

It's no secret that the taste of a dish directly depends on the quality of its ingredients. Many housewives, wanting to cook chicken, go to the supermarket to buy it. But the products of poultry farms are sold there. To make chickens grow faster, they are fed special feed, hormones and antibiotics. Of course, all these not entirely useful substances “settle” in the meat and, as a result, in our bodies. The poor chickens never even saw daylight during their very short lives and were constantly stressed. This directly affects the quality of broiler meat. But these chickens look fatty and juicy, with white skin. They don't cook for long. True, the broth from them turns out to be tasteless.

Domestic chickens are sold in markets. They do not look as impressive as broilers: less fatty, with yellowish pimpled skin. But they ate natural food. Poultry is good for broth. The answer to the question of how long to cook a whole chicken also depends on its age. Young chickens cook faster, older birds take longer. It is believed that the most delicious boiled meat is that of a rooster. It is stringy and takes a long time to cook, but the broth made from it is very healthy and rich. European cuisine also uses fowl and capons - castrated chickens and roosters, the meat of which is especially tender. But in our open spaces you will not find birds of this type.

Blanching, poaching, cooking

Now let's look at ways to cook chicken using hot water. Blanching cannot be called cooking in the truest sense of the word. The French invented this culinary technique. It consists of quickly treating foods - meat, vegetables, almonds - with boiling water (steam or hot vegetable oil). This technique allows you to “seal” the juices inside the chicken. It is used when you plan to fry or bake meat in the future. The chicken is dipped into boiling water. When the water begins to gurgle again, the meat is taken out. It remains raw and will only lighten. That’s why the technique is called “blanching”, from the French word blanchir - “to bleach.”

Poaching is short cooking in a small amount of water, milk or in its own juice. The chicken is dipped into cold liquid and cooked covered. The technique allows you to obtain juice, which can then be used for sauce. How long does it take to cook a whole chicken in the poaching mode? It depends on the size of the bird. You should not look at the clock, but regularly look into the saucepan. The released juice will indicate that the meat has cooked sufficiently.

And finally, the actual cooking. We will pay special attention to this method.

Water: what should it be like?

Before we get down to figuring out the question “how long to cook a whole chicken until done,” let’s look at the beginning of the culinary process. What kind of water should you put the carcass in - cold or hot? The answer to this question depends on what you plan to do with the chicken next. If you fry, bake, or use for salads, throw it in boiling water. From high temperature, the blood will immediately clot and remain inside the fibers. Therefore, the meat will become juicy and tasty. But if you want to prepare a tasty, rich, aromatic broth, put the bird only in cold water. As the meat heats up, it will release fat and other substances into the liquid. That's why the soup will be delicious.

How long does it take to simmer a whole chicken in a stock pot?

From the above information, it becomes clear that the methods of cooking meat with hot water depend on the dish being prepared. So, option one: broth. Fill the gutted carcass with cold water. Put the pan on the fire. What should it be like? Many cooks believe that at the beginning of cooking the flame should be made strong. But as soon as the water reaches a boil, the heat should be reduced to low. It is necessary to remove the “noise” - the released blood. If this is not done, the broth will turn out cloudy and have an unpleasant odor. Then the roots for the soup are put into the pan - onions, parsley, carrots and celery. How long does it take to cook a whole chicken after boiling? This also depends on the size and age of the bird. Broilers will be ready in 60 minutes. Homemade chicken takes about two hours to cook. A wiry rooster will require 30 minutes more time. It should be said that meat after prolonged processing becomes less tasty, although edible. Therefore, the thought of overly economical housewives, “I’ll cook some broth, and then from the same chicken I’ll make Kiev cutlets” is a bad idea.

How to cook jellied meat

Rooster is best suited for this dish. Its meat contains a lot of gelling substances, which is what is required for the jellied meat to harden. But you can also prepare a dish from homemade chicken. True, then you will have to add a little edible gelatin to the broth. We begin to prepare the jellied meat in the same way as the broth. Fill the carcass with cold water, after boiling, reduce the heat and skim off the foam. The only difference is how long it takes to cook a whole chicken for jellied meat. Three hours, no less! It is necessary that the meat is boiled so much that it falls off the bones and crumbles into fibers. Rooster jellied meat takes about five hours to prepare.

How long should you cook a whole chicken for other dishes?

It happens that we need ready-made meat. Many dietary dishes are made from boiled chicken. It is also added to salads, such as Caesar. To prevent the meat from transferring its taste and aroma to the liquid in which it will be cooked, it is placed in boiling water. Does this increase the cooking time? As soon as we place the chicken in the pan, the water will stop boiling. Soon it will begin to gurgle again. We must turn down the noise, reduce the heat, and cover the pan. After 15 minutes, salt the water, add aromatic roots, bay leaves and other spices. Cooking time depends on the size and age of the chicken. On average, the process will take about an hour.

How to tell if chicken is cooked?

To make sure the bird is cooked, you need to pierce the meat with a fork in the thickest part of the carcass, in the drumstick area. The point should go in easily. If juice comes out of the hole, and not ichor, then it’s ready. As you can see, chronometers will not help us much in cooking chicken. There are too many factors to consider. Even the size of the pan and the amount of water can speed up or slow down the process. If you are in a hurry and want to cook the chicken quickly, cut the carcass into pieces. The quarters will be cooked in half an hour (for broilers) and 45 minutes (for poultry).

Cooking with kitchen assistants

To make our work easier, let’s connect modern technology to our cooking. How long does it take to cook a whole chicken in the microwave? Just 20 minutes at full power. But in the middle of the process you should turn the carcass over. In a slow cooker, the whole bird is cooked for an hour in the “Stew” mode. The result is very healthy meat that is processed with steam rather than water. But the process of cooking chicken in this unit will take 45 minutes. From the pressure cooker, meat can be served to the table in just 20 minutes.

Chicken soup is a fairly hearty and simple dish that is considered dietary. It is suitable for all family members and every housewife should be able to cook it. The first question that interests a novice cook is: how long to cook chicken for soup? Because The cooking time for different parts of the carcass varies significantly. Next, we’ll take a closer look at how long to cook chicken for soup.

Usually you can find young broiler chickens on sale, the meat of which cooks quite quickly, about 1 hour. The same cannot be said about homemade chicken, the meat of which is much tougher and takes longer to cook. Cooking time also depends on the age of the bird. The age of a bird can be determined by the bone on its chest (keel). If it bends, then the bird is young, but if the keel is hard, then the bird is already more than a year old. Depending on the age, size, and veininess of the chicken for soup, after boiling, it should be cooked for 1 to 3 hours.

How long to cook chicken drumstick?

It's no secret that a carcass chopped into pieces cooks much faster than a whole one. If the parts have bones, then you need to cook the chicken for broth longer. However, meat with bones produces a richer broth for making soup.

This chicken meat is cooked at low boil for 30-45 minutes. If the boil is too active, chicken cannot be cooked, because... the broth will come out cloudy and unsightly. If the bird will be used for the first course, it can be boiled a little more to make it soft and juicy.

How long to cook chicken for soup?

To get rich chicken broth and delicious soup, it is better to cook the chicken for soup for at least 2 hours. To do this, the carcass is chopped into pieces, placed in cold water and brought to a boil. The foam is removed with a slotted spoon, and the meat is cooked until ready for soup at a low simmer until the meat is well separated from the bone. For a pleasant aroma, you can put a whole head of onion, parsley, parsnip or celery roots and your favorite seasonings in the pan. The broth is salted at the end of cooking, otherwise the meat will take longer to cook and will turn out tough.

How long should you cook frozen chicken?

Thrifty housewives often have frozen chicken carcass in their freezer. This bird is perfect for making broth. The cooking time for frozen chicken largely depends on the age of the bird and its weight.

To prepare the broth, immediately place frozen chicken in a saucepan and bring the contents to a boil. Cook the broth at a low simmer. Total cooking time is increased by 15 minutes compared to similar fresh poultry.

How long should you cook chicken after boiling?

When the chicken broth has boiled and the foam has completely removed, the question arises: how long to cook the chicken after boiling. The answer depends on what part of the carcass is used to prepare the broth.

The breast, cut into pieces, is cooked for 20-25 minutes.

This means that all vegetables can be added immediately after the contents of the pan boil. The meat will have time to fully cook along with the vegetables.

Chicken legs are cooked for about half an hour after boiling. And the wings take 5 minutes less to cook.

The cooking time for the thigh depends on the presence of the bone. If the bone is cut, i.e. The broth is prepared from thigh fillet, then this meat is prepared after boiling for 20 minutes. The thigh with the bone is cooked for 30-40 minutes.

Noodle soup with chicken fillet

Chicken noodle soup will quickly satisfy your hunger and delight you with its pleasant taste. The light taste of chicken broth, small pieces of vegetables and chicken give real pleasure from the hot soup. Noodles add thickness and satiety to the first dish. You can prepare it yourself, or you can use a ready-made one from the store.

Number of servings: 6.

Cooking time: 60 minutes.

Calorie content: 85 kcal per 100 g.

Ingredients:

• 300 gr. chicken fillet;
• 1 carrot;
• 2 bay leaves;
• 1 onion;
• 150 gr. noodles;
• 2.5 liters of drinking water;
• 1.5 tsp. salt.

Cooking process:

1. You can use any part of chicken or broiler chicken to make noodle soup. Chicken fillet soup cooks very quickly, and the broth is dietary and low-calorie.
2. Rinse the meat thoroughly under cool water and place it in a saucepan with ice water. Place the pan on the burner and bring the liquid to a boil. After the foam forms, remove it with a slotted spoon, turn the heat down to the minimum setting and continue cooking the chicken until done. This will take about half an hour.
3. Meanwhile, prepare the remaining ingredients for adding to the pan. To do this, peel the carrots and onions. Three carrots on a medium grater, and cut the onion into small cubes.
4. Place the vegetables in a heated frying pan, add a little salt and add 2-3 tbsp. broth, simmer over medium heat until the carrots are soft for 10-15 minutes, covering with a lid.
5. Use a fork to check the readiness of the meat. If it pierces easily, it means it’s ready, take it out onto a plate, separate it into fibers, and return it to the saucepan.
6. When the contents boil, add the stewed vegetables, noodles and cook for a quarter of an hour. Before finishing cooking, add bay leaf and spices to taste.
7. Pour the finished chicken soup into bowls, garnish with herbs, and serve with toast or black bread. Bon appetit everyone!

Video:

A huge number of dishes can be prepared from chicken breast, and therefore many people have a question - how long to cook chicken breast, for salad, for soup, pizza and other various dishes, so that it is soft?

Whatever white chicken meat you buy, be it a separate part of the carcass or already cut into fillets, you need to boil it properly and then it will have a delicate taste and juicy.

Since chicken fillet is the most healthy, nutritious and excellent for dietary nutrition, boiling is the best method of preparation. So, how long should you cook a chicken breast, how many minutes, so that it doesn’t turn out tough and tasteless? It’s not just a matter of time; it’s important to follow a few simple rules during the cooking process.

How to cook chicken breast for salads

If you need chicken breast for main courses or want to cook it, then it is better to boil the meat whole, maybe on the bone and, ideally, in vegetable broth.

Before cooking, rinse the meat under running cold water. If you want the meat to be juicy and tasty, then the breast must be placed in boiling salted water. As soon as the water boils, cook under a covered lid over low heat and skim off the foam in the process.

Spices should be added after the water boils: a couple of bay leaves, a few black peppercorns, you can add carrots, onions, herbs - all this will make the meat more flavorful. As for the cooking time, we will talk about this a little lower.

Is the breast ready? Don’t rush to pull it out, wait until it cools down along with the broth, then the bird will not be dry, but will be soaked in the aromatic broth, making it even tastier.

How long do you need to cook chicken breast before it's done?

Of course, cooking time depends not only on the size of the breast, but also on other factors:

1). Chicken breast on the bone, with skin and cartilage, is boiled for 30 minutes after the water boils.

2). If the meat and breast fillet are whole and without everything, then the cooking time will be 20-25 minutes

3). Chicken breast, cut into pieces or in half - cook for 15-20 minutes

4). If the meat is cut very finely, then the cooking time should be no more than 10 minutes

If the meat is country chicken, then the cooking time is increased by 15 minutes. Laying chicken should be cooked for about 2 hours.

How to properly cook chicken fillet on the stove

This is the most common method. If the fillets are frozen, leave them at room temperature for several hours or more until completely thawed. This needs to be done slowly and gradually - this is very important. Do not use hot water for this.

We rinse, for broths, put in a saucepan and fill with cold water to 4 centimeters.

Place over high heat, bring to a boil, add salt and spices, reduce heat and cook at low simmer for 30 minutes until tender. For salads it’s different - the meat is placed in boiling water.

In order for the meat to be tender and juicy, it is important not only to observe the time intervals, it is important to add the right spices and another small point - after cooking, leave the meat in the broth after cooking for at least 30 minutes. Do not take it out of the water immediately after cooking. Cover with a lid and let it absorb all the juices from the broth.

You can also add thyme, garlic, a few peas of white and black pepper and fresh herbs.

How long to cook chicken breast for soup

For soup, they usually use breast meat on the bone. To make the broth rich and tasty, place the fillet in a pan and fill it with two liters of ordinary cold water so that it completely covers the meat.

Place on the stove, wait until the water boils and then simmer over low heat for 40 minutes. Before adding potatoes, carrots and onions, wait about 15-20 minutes after boiling. A few minutes before the end of cooking, add bay leaf and herbs. If the meat is easily pierced, it is ready. If you want to save cooking time, you can cut the meat into smaller pieces, about 3-4 centimeters wide, so it will cook much faster.

Delicious chicken broth recipe

How to properly cook chicken broth so that it turns out very tasty and nutritious? Ideally, it is prepared from a soup set, but many people prefer a light chicken breast broth.

We will need:

• 1 kg. chicken meat (whole bird or breast)
• 1 onion
• 1 small carrot
• bay leaf – 2 pcs.
• 2.5 – 3 liters of water
• other spices

Preparation:

We wash the poultry meat and place it in a pan with cold water. It is advisable to remove the skin, although if you like rich broth, you can leave it.

We put it on the highest heat - thanks to this the broth will turn out transparent. As soon as it boils, reduce the heat, add salt and cook it with the lid ajar over low heat. During cooking, skim off any foam that has formed.

After 30 minutes, add bay leaf and chopped vegetables. How long does it take to cook breast broth? Poultry broth takes a very long time to prepare, from 1.5 to 2 hours. As for store-bought fillets, the overall cooking process lasts about 50 minutes. Although it all depends on the age and size of the bird. Cool the finished broth and strain if desired.